Compariosn of pre 1914 and Wilfred Owen’s poems Essay

By analyzing a choice of war sonnets, consider the manners by which mentalities to war have been investigated and communicated. While considering verse composed post 1900 focus on a choice of sonnets composed by Wilfred Owen. War has been a persuasive theme for verse for a long time and through its disastrous mercilessness and feeling of enthusiasm has made probably the most splendid artists and most disputable sonnets at any point composed. With each extraordinary war comes various artists who need to compose their perspectives on it and similarly as thought processes of war contrast, so do the assessments of the artists; some consider war to be savage and ruinous, while others depict it as a method of honoring oneself. Before the innovation and media inclusion we have these days, accounts of fight were passed somewhere near verbal exchange and were regularly written in graceful structure so they could be remembered without any problem. Similarly as the ordnance utilized in the wars has changed, the manner in which war is depicted has too. Before World War 1 started in 1914, it was viewed as a wonderful open door for men to serve and shield their nation. In numerous sonnets war is contrasted with a game, for instance in â€Å"Vitai Lampada† composed by Henry Newbolt, the abstain â€Å"Play up! Play up! Also, play the game!† is rehashed toward the finish of every refrain to attempt to energize the officers and prepared them for the fight to come. Newbolt utilizes the leitmotif of contrasting battling with playing a cricket match to dial the weight down the fighters by causing it to appear to be fun and serious. He utilizes the analogy: â€Å"Beat through life like a light in flame† to depict how the students have duties and furthermore to show how these must be gone down through the ages to secure their nation, much the same as the Olympic light. War is likewise contrasted with a game in Henry V’s discourse in Shakespeare’s play, Henry V. He announces: ‘The game’s afoot,† by and by downplaying the hugeness of the fight. What's more Shakespeare utilizes the call to war â€Å"God for Harry, England and Saint George!† to show that the English are on the exemplary side and have an obligation to serve their nation. Prior to 1914, there was no mandatory military assistance and in this manner Britain didn't have a gigantic armed force like other European nations. Anyway World War 1 was so huge, induction should have been presented, which means all men of the suitable age were obliged to do battle. Alongside induction came the purposeful publicity to urge men to sign up and a well known structure was verse. Artists like Jessie Pope and Rupert Brooke composed sonnets persuading men that war would be an energizing open door with their companions and that it is their obligation to respect and serve for England. Nonetheless, one of the most renowned war artists, Wilfred Owen, had an alternate perspective on the war. From the start he wrote along these lines to any semblance of Pope and Brooke, however in the wake of encountering direct activity in the bleeding edge his work turned out to be less optimistic. One of Owen’s most well known sonnets is â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†. The Latin title implies â€Å"it is sweet and fitting to kick the bucket for your country† and it is utilized unexpectedly to foresee a hopeful sonnet, however it is an incredible inverse. Owen composed this sonnet in answer to the jingoistic enlisting sonnets composed by Jessie Pope; they praise war and cause it to appear to be an incredible open door for men to have an undertaking with their companions. In the initial two lines of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†, Owen utilizes the distinctive symbolism of â€Å"old beggars† and â€Å"coughing like hags† and the peruser feels that he is portraying somebody old or of low status. In any case, in the lines that follow, we understand that Owen is really discussing officers who are leaving the forefront: â€Å"Till on the eerie flares we turned our backs Also, towards our removed rest started to trudge.† Owen utilizes the word â€Å"haunting† to depict that the fight they have suffered will remain in their psyches until the end of time. To pass on the weariness of the men Owen utilizes metaphor: â€Å"men walked asleep†¦drunk with fatigue†. This shows how battling was truly depleting for the officers and negates the glitzy picture that Pope’s sonnets evoke. In the second refrain Owen shows the startling scene of a gas assault. He rehashes the word â€Å"GAS† for a second time in capital letters to pass on a need to keep moving and furthermore to infer how exhausted the men were as they required it to be rehashed stronger a second an ideal opportunity for them to understand the circumstance. Owen utilizes polysyllabic words like â€Å"ecstasy† and â€Å"fumbling† and â€Å"clumsy† to pass on a feeling of frenzy and caution. He portrays how one man didn't get his gas cover on in time and is â€Å"flound’ring like a man in fire or lime†. This depicts the gas he is breathing in is consuming and the picture â€Å"as under a green ocean, I saw him drowning† is ground-breaking since it shows that the gas overpowers his lungs similarly as water does when you suffocate. The line â€Å"In everything I could ever want, before my vulnerable sight† shows how Owen will recall that scene everlastingly, and the word â€Å"helpless† proposes that he can't take care of the flashbacks and horrendous recollections he should suffer yet it likewise suggests that he was unable to effectively help the fighter who was passing on. Owen utilizes the descriptors â€Å"guttering, stifling, drowning† to outline the soldier’s awful demise; the word â€Å"guttering† is particularly successful as you use it to portray a light going to go out, similarly as the man’s life is going to be smothered. Owen sharply assaults Jessie Pope in the last verse. He wryly addresses her as â€Å"my friend† and utilizes grisly examinations like â€Å"Obscene as cancer† and â€Å"bitter as the cud of vile† to depict the loathsomeness of war. The line â€Å"incurable wounds on guiltless tongues† suggests that the a few troopers who were youthful will have alarming recollections with them for the remainder of their lives. He claims to the faculties by utilizing revolting and realistic symbolism: â€Å"If you could hear, at each shock, blood- Come swishing from the foam undermined lungs†. The descriptive word â€Å"froth-corrupted† outlines how the man’s lungs had been tormented by the gas and what a horrendous passing he needed to persevere. He utilizes the comparison: â€Å"like a devil’s tired of sin† to depict the soldier’s face, proposing a feeling of shock and sicken. Owen delineates the warriors as â€Å"children passionate for some urgent glory† depicting that Pope’s selecting sonnets wrongly convinced young men that were not old enough to powerlessly serve their nation. In the last two lines Owen outlines the sonnet by rehashing the title, yet he utilizes it incidentally as he says it is â€Å"The old Lie†, repudiating other pre World War 1 sonnets that give the impression men will be viewed as gallant in the event that they serve their obligation. Owen by and by restricts the thought that ladies will treat fighters, who get back from war harmed, as legends in his sonnet â€Å"Disabled†, Owen contradicts the possibility that ladies will treat the officers, who come back from the war harmed, as saints. In the sonnet â€Å"Fall In† by Harold Begbie, he convinces men to join the military by utilizing the sexual appeal of ladies. The lines: â€Å"When the young ladies line up in the road, Yelling their affection to the fellows come back,† suggests the men will be viewed as valiant and courageous for battling. Be that as it may, Owen clarifies this isn't the situation in the lines: â€Å"Now he will never feel again how thin, Girls’ midsections are, or how warm their inconspicuous hands, Every one of them contact him like some eccentric disease†. The analogy â€Å"like some eccentric disease† communicates how the ladies are apprehensive he might be infectious and how they discover him ghastly. Similarly as in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†, toward the start of the sonnet we think Owen is depicting an old man since he utilizes the expression â€Å"ghastly suit of grey† which surmises mature age. In any case, at that point we find how he â€Å"threw away his knees†; he decided to enroll for the military and that is depicted a grave mix-up, a misuse of his life. The line: â€Å"Poured it down shell-openings till the veins ran dry† additionally gathers that the man picked to battle as the action word â€Å"poured† proposes that he did it without anyone's help. Furthermore, Owen depicts how the kid was not inspired by standards to join: â€Å"Someone had said he’d look a divine being in kilts†. He had been instigated by vanity and furthermore to â€Å"please his Meg†; by and by the thought of intriguing the ladies is utilized. Despite the fact that his face was â€Å"younger than his youth† the line â€Å"Smiling they composed his falsehood: matured nineteen years,† shows that the specialists were corrupt as they was already aware he was only a kid yet at the same time let him join. â€Å"Disabled† is a differentiating sonnet and Owen rehashes the word â€Å"now† to underline the difference between what he was, and what he has now become: â€Å"Now he is old†. Owen utilizes the theme of football all through, however not in the positive way Newbolt does in â€Å"Vitai Lampada†. He utilizes it unexpectedly to show the contrast between his life before the war when he was fit and dexterous, and now when he is sentenced to a detached way of life in a wheelchair. At the point when he was playing football â€Å"he preferred a blood smear down his leg,† suggesting that he thought it looked masculine and would dazzle the young ladies. Presently notwithstanding, he can just watch young men playing football: â€Å"voices of play and delight after day† and the ladies don't consider him to be chivalrous as their eyes â€Å"Passed from him to the tough men that were whole†. The word â€Å"whole† makes a solid picture of him being limbless and is p

Effects of Terrorism Fear on Australian Society- myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theEffects of Terrorism Fear on Australian Society. Answer: As against the general recognition, fear based oppression isn't just communicated in the field of the real world, yet it is communicated in the field of probability. All the at various times activities of psychological warfare just offer help for the future activities. The mental outcomes of fear based oppression were portrayed after the assaults that occurred in Munich in 1972. The political and social atmosphere around then was likewise for perceiving the mental survivors of fear based oppression. In any case, it was additionally made sufficiently evident that very soon the reprisal will follow (Aly, and Balnaves, 2005). In the early epidemiological investigations, at first there was dependence on the information that has been gained during the military clashes that occurred in the twentieth century. In any case, later on, numerous examinations occurred that focused on the mental effect of the assaults occurring in Europe or related with the Israel Palestinian clash. Then again, af ter the psychological oppressor assaults that occurred in the United States in September 2001, it was guaranteed that the world has changed until the end of time. After these assaults, there was another time of ideological clash, which was portrayed as the conflict of civic establishments (Asensio, 2000). There was another condition of awareness as the individuals were beginning to live with the 'war on fear'. Five years after these assaults, it was reaffirmed by President Bush that there were new limits of the war on fear. He expressed that this war on dread was in excess of a military clash. It was named as conclusive ideological battle that was occurring in the 21st century. The individuals in Australia were informed that they ought to stay alert however not frightened. The then Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard had conjured the social connection of Australia with the United States and said that Australia alongside the remainder of the free world, stays an objective of the psychological oppressors (Hancock, 2002). He said that the appalling occasions that occurred in the United States in September 2001 have drawn Australia, alongside the remainder of the world, in another and for the most part and unsurprising condition of security. The individuals of Australia were informed that after the 9/11 assaults, weakness' was the new ordinary daily schedule. The aftereffect of this circumstance was that frailty appeared as an unending condition of readiness from a situational enthusiastic reaction and fear based oppression was begun to be considered as obscure yet approaching fate (Hoskins, 2006). The aftereffect of this dread of fear mongering among the individuals was that even standard circumstances like heading out to and from work and regular articles like a rucksack or a cell phone were subconsciously related with the danger of psychological warfare. Subsequently the danger of fear based oppression that is enunciated as the pictures of the conventional and cliché is available in regular daily existence. This has brought about expanded security at the air terminals, the persevering observation by the National Security Information Campaign, which asks the individuals of Australia to report any likely indications of psychological oppression by utilizing the national security hotline significantly following six years of the dispatch of the hotline by the past government (HREOC, 2004). Essentially there is dynamic presentation of administrative alterations that were presented in light of a legitimate concern for national security and summon the picture of psychological oppre ssion which additionally expands the danger of fear based oppression in the creative mind of the overall population. As indicated by the use of the overall population, an all-encompassing significance has been has been given to the term psychological warfare. Accordingly, under open utilization, this term alludes to a condition of fear as it does to the demonstrations of psychological oppression. Presumably, the most noteworthy case of how the limits of fear and psychological warfare have crumpled under open utilization is the boundless utilization of the term 'war on dread' that is utilized in setting of what basically is the war on psychological oppression (Huysmans, 2004). Now, it is especially intriguing to take note of that the term 'dread' is utilized to depict a condition of outrageous or extraordinary dread. Along these lines, the utilization of the term 'dread' instead of psychological oppression implies that dread or fear has appeared as the most unavoidable component if there should arise an occurrence of psychological oppression. Or on the other hand as it were, the individuals have bee n effectively threatened by fear mongering (Metherell and Banham, 2005). After the, lamentable occasions of September, 2001, there was another etymological wording that was authored in such manner and it was only utilized in the event of contemporary talk related with fear based oppression. In this manner the expressions like war on dread, Islamic radicals, and alliance of the willing, aggressor Islam and the baneful forces that be can follow their cause to the political talk related inside September 11 assaults, and the ensuing reaction to these assaults and the outcome is that these expressions have gotten staple in the media talk related with fear mongering (Robin, 2004). Thus, these new talks of psychological warfare have become a method of communicating the change that has occurred on the planet and furthermore as the implies that can be utilized to characterize the condition of consistent caution. Presently, fear based oppression had appeared as new metonym in the cutting edge times when the term 'war on dread' is utilized to depict a ceaseless condition of readiness and furthermore the broad vital tasks, inside safety efforts, fringe control approaches and open mindfulness battles. Because of the most dread of fear, there has been the development of the Western world that is continually confronting the danger brought about by psychological oppression (Spence, 2005). After the 9/11 assaults, the legislature of Australia has likewise kept on presenting a wide scope of counterterrorism measures. These incorporate in excess of 30 administrative alterations that have been made to the Criminal Code, Crimes Legislation (2006), Telecommunications Act, 2004, Australian Security Intelligence Organization Legislation and Customs Legislation, 2006. Aside from these administrative revisions, the legislature of Australia has additionally presented new enactment for instance the Anti-Terrorism Bill, 2004; National Security Information Bill, 2005; Surveillance Devices Bill, 2004 and Aviation Transport Security Bill, 2003. Among the later revisions that have been acquainted with the Aviation Transport Security Bill in 2007, gels, fluids and pressurized canned products are managed and comparably this enactment additionally takes into account search look. The Anti Terrorism Bill had changed the current offenses referenced in the Criminal Code so as to explain that it isn't necessitated that a specific psychological oppressor acts ought to be distinguished so as to build up that an offense has occurred (Stern, 2004). Essentially, after the London fear monger bombarding in 2005, the Australian government has additionally declared a few changes to the psychological warfare enactment. Because of these corrections, police forces to keep the people who were associated with dissidence were expanded (Berrebi, 2008). Likewise, it has been asserted by the specialists that the hazard profile of Australia has stayed unaltered. Simultaneously, Australia has not encountered a psychological militant assault that was like the expanses of 9/11, Bali, Madrid or London (Berrebi and Klor, 2006). Being associated with various counter-psychological oppression procedures that are lopsided to the genuine danger of a fear based oppressor assault implies that as an object of dread, psychological warfare coordinates open concern and it positions the overall population as the potential survivors of the danger of psychological oppression that is consistently present. The idea of the measures that have been presented by the administration of Australia because of the London on being, similar to the ones related with questioning and keeping these presumed psychological oppressors, may have all the earmarks of being nonsensically dictator and adding up to an unfathomable attack on the common freedoms delighted in by the individuals one after another (Crelinsten, 1998). In any case, in the 'war on fear' that is considered as a worldwide fight that is occurring over the world among great and shrewdness, the methodologies and strategies that have all the earmarks of being outlandish at one time have abruptly become to be considered as discerning if not reasonable (Crelinsten and Schmid, 1992). During an emergency, the explanation the exchange of the hazard things minimized. Because of the war on dread, the talks related with sway and national security assumed a significant job in increasing the dread of fear mongering, and thusly in minimizing the explanation the arrangement of hazard brought about by it. The obvious incongruence that exists between the danger of psychological warfare, saw by the open uncovering the popular assessments of public sentiment and the real hazard profile of Australia has brought about an end by certain researchers that the dread of psychological warfare if certainty adds up to a dread of nothing. In actuality, the dread of psychological oppression has become an expectant dread depending on delusion: the state's capacity affect and incite aggregate supposition by expanding the genuine danger of fear based oppression (Croissant, 2007). In such manner, Robin (2004) has expressed that the dread of psychological warfare in the general public is a no nsensical dread of looming fate. This dread relies upon the capacity of the organizations, media and political, to build the danger of fear mongering and furthermore to make a feeling of uncertainty and nervousness among the individuals. This kind of approach towards the dread uncovers that in the event of Australia, the dread of fear based oppression can be a response to an obscure threat that is transmitted through the general public into the spotlight that has been put on the avoidance of psychological oppression. The perspectives held by Robin depend on the way that a psychological oppressor assault has not occurred on the Australian soil and furthermore on the presumption that the dread and uneasiness of the general public with respect to fear based oppression is not the same as the danger or the odds of a genuine assault by the psychological oppressors (Eubank and Weinberg, 2008). Nonetheless, not being the dread of nothing, the dread of psychological oppression in the public arena can bring about a levelheaded and genuine dread. That is the aftereffect of a

District Manager Essay Examples

District Manager Essay ExamplesWhen it comes to composing an essay on the importance of an emerging leader, I have always recommended District Manager Essay samples to my students. In this article I will describe the advantages of a District Manager Essay. Before continuing on with the essay, you must understand that I am not suggesting that all that I have mentioned here is the right way of doing things.The role of a District Manager is to act as a mentor to an emerging leader. This is a major role and requires you to be very effective and creative in writing an essay. However, this essay sample will help you to a great extent. A District Manager Essay can help you overcome many of the pitfalls that you might otherwise fall into when writing an essay.In District Manager Essay samples, there are many different settings. You can look at a profile of a District Manager who can be found online. You will find that he or she is the hero of the story and their role is to guide and take car e of the emergence leader. Such an emerging leader will also be a journeyman, or even a taxi driver, or even a chef, as some emerging leaders are just starting out.Another example is where a District Manager is asked to give advice on how he or she can deal with a situation where a group of people has been toiling and yet one of them have fallen behind in their work. The emerging leader is supposed to try and overcome this by helping the entire group to push through with their goals. The emergence leader must be able to handle the situation.The most interesting part of a District Manager Essay is the section where the emerging leader is shown how to create the right environment and motivate everyone for the purpose of achieving the goals. There is a section where the District Manager is shown how to manage their staff effectively and others too. You should study these and find out more about the various District Manager Essay samples and strategies.The emerging leader is also shown how to deal with the challenges they might be facing and what obstacles they might face and how to cope with these hurdles. The Emerging Leader's role is very important and therefore the Essay should carefully illustrate this.The beginning of the essay should set the stage for the emerging leader to go ahead and set the path. You can use the District Manager Essay samples and techniques to help you get a step ahead in writing an essay and this can be a good boost for your future.There are so many District Manager Essay samples available online and you can choose the one which best suits your needs. The District Manager Essay samples are there to help you develop your writing skills, get used to different styles and help you write clearly.

story of an hour - 275 Words

story of an hour (Essay Sample) Content: Title Literary Analysis Name Institution Date Literary Analysis The Story of An Hour is a fiction story written by the legendary writer Kate Chopin in the year 1894. The story narrates the life and times of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"widow' soon after receiving news of her husband's demise through a railroad accident. The fiction is rich with literary styles and spoiled especially with symbolism and theme. Symbolism is defined as an artistic skill where a writer uses symbols and images to represent ideas, facts or natural objects. Symbolism gives whatever idea being represented a deeper and richer meaning, in makes it more interesting and realistic so that it can be understood easily by the reader (Burrows, 1987). This paper sets out to explore the use of symbolism and themes in the story, and its importance to the plot development. One of the places where symbolism was used is when the writer explains the manner in which Mrs. Mallard sat on the armchair. The writer details that the lady sat in her chair quite motionless until a sob came up her throat which made her act as a child who had cried till it slept while sobbing in its dreams. This symbolism compares the woman's manner of sobbing as that of a child. In this case, therefore, the child acts as a symbol for the reaction of Mrs. Mallard. The other instance of symbolism comes out clearly when the writer is explaining the incident after Mrs. Mallard decided to stand up from the armchair after absorbing the news. From the place she was seated, she opened the door and descended the stairs holding on to their sister's waist. The writer describes the manner in which she walks to the way a goddess of Victory walks. This is essentially a symbol representing the gracious manner with which Mrs. Mallard walked on her way down the stairs. Chopin explores several themes in her fiction story. One of the most dominant themes is the role of women in marriage. Women are considered objects of subjection and control in a marriage. When a woman gets married, she seems to take orders from their male partner. The role of women therefore becomes that of an underdog who has no freedom. The other theme that is explored in details is the oppression associated with marriages. The writer notes with concern that the marriage institution is marred with oppression, regardless of the amount of love the couples have. This idea is developed in Louise who seems to be very sad that her husband has died, while at the same time seems to be very excited at learning that her husband is truly dead. This is interpreted as the joy that came with knowing that she had finally been freed from the oppression she has experienced all through her marriage life. After marrying her husband, sh feels she lost control of her life and had to give ...

Shakespeare s Heart Of Darkness - 1424 Words

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Chinatown Above The Film Noir Genre Essay - 1597 Words

The viewer sees a private eye and beautiful client. First thought, It’s definitely another Hollywood crime drama. On the surface, Chinatown has all the elements of a film noir: the presence of a beautiful but dangerous woman, otherwise known as the femme fatale, a gritty urban setting, compositional tension (highly contrasting light and dark colors or oblique camera angles), and themes of moral ambiguity and alienation. Chinatown, however, is different. Polanski shot Chinatown with color film, and though his colors do appear especially vivid, color film precludes the contrast intensity that black and white film offers. In addition, Evelyn is not the classic femme fatale. Though Jake mistakes her for her husband’s killer at first, Mrs.†¦show more content†¦It shows how Jake is persistent and dedicated to his job, even if it always seems like he is in over his head. Jake, however, also departs from the film noir tradition when he lets his emotions get the bes t of him. The greatest example of this is seen during the exchange between him and Evelyn when he is trying to find out the truth about Katherine. Resorting for the first time to violence against a woman, the near desperation with which Jake pushes Evelyn to confess is an expression of his fears and anxieties about being completely lost amidst the lies that surround him. The result is the humanization of Jake Giddes’ character. He simply is not perfect, and ultimately fails to see the bigger picture of what he is involved with until . While classic film noir is characterized by high compositional tension, or low lit black and white cinematography, Polanski managed to infuse Chinatown with that sense of corruption and nihilism so prevalent in noir in bright Southern California despite employing a photographic element previously thought antithetical to film noir style: color film stock. The dominant colors of Chinatown are brown, gray, and black, which can be seen as an indication of the film’s allusion to the noir tradition of black-and-white. The various hues of brown and gold can be seen throughout the film, from clothing to homesShow MoreRelatedAmerican Film Noir For Present Day1829 Words   |  8 Pages American Film Noir Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation American Film Noir There have been several debates over a long period of time concerning the validity of film noir as a distinct genre. Essays and books have debated the term for years using various criteria and rubrics to back up their respective positions on the subject. As the 21st century brings new and creative trends from screenwriting to post-production and everything in between, the boundaries of noir become evenRead More Dames, Coppers, and Crooks: A L:ook At Film Noir Essay2891 Words   |  12 PagesCrooks: A Look At Film Noir nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Film noir is a style of black and white American films that first evolved in the 1940s, became prominent in the post-war era, and lasted in a classic â€Å"Golden Age† period until about 1960. Frank Nino, a French film critic, first coined the label film noir, which literally means black film or cinema, in 1946. Nino noticed the trend of how â€Å"dark† and black the looks and themes were of many American crime and detective films released in France

Simple Church Book Review free essay sample

A simple church is designed around a straightforward and strategic process that moves people around through the stages of spiritual growth. The leaders and the church are clear about the process (clarity) and are committed to executing it. The process flows logically (movement) and is implemented in each area of the church (alignment). The church abandons everything that is not in the process (focus) (pgs. 68-67). The first section of the book discusses the need for churches to simplify. Many churches have become cluttered in the sense that they have made it difficult for people to receive the simple but yet powerful message of Christ. So cluttered that many people are busy doing church instead of being church (pg. 19). When churches are complex they tend to produce spiritual stagnation which causes people to remain stuck in the same place spiritually for years. It is not enough for a church to have a full calendar with endless programs, there must be a process in place that moves people through the stages of spiritual growth. If we want to have churches that are alive, Rainer Geiger advises leaders to step back, look at their church with fresh eyes and see the whole picture (pg. 23). They must also understand what the church should be doing, why they should do it and how they can structure the church to carry out its purpose. As part of this examination process the church must look at the current programs and ministries implemented to determine what they contribute to the whole. Ultimately a simple church must design a simple discipleship process that is clear and moves people towards spiritual maturity. According to Rainer Geiger simple church leaders are designers who design opportunities for spiritual growth. While complex church leaders are programmers who run ministry programs (pg. 26). During their survey process it was determined that simple church leaders are expert designers who are not producers of spiritual growth and vitality which they believe is commanded by 1 Cor. 3:10. Rainer Geiger consulted with two churches (Cross Church and First Church) to examine their programming, staff meetings, calendar, numbers, staffing decisions, new ideas and how they convey church announcements. Upon their findings Cross Church was a simple church because they centered everything in the ministry around their main focus, which was to lead people to love God, others and serve the world. On the other hand First Church was a very active church but there was no process in place that focused on an overarching theme or statement, they were missing the how. Churches that are vibrant and growing are simple, while complex churches struggle and are not alive. Rainer Geiger’s paradigm consists of four steps that are required for a church to move from complex to simple. The first step is clarity (the blue print) which is to design a simple process that can be communicated and understood by the people. The authors point out that in order to get clarity the church needs to define its ministry process by ensuring the members understand how they will mature. They also need to illustrate it by using metaphors or visuals that bring clarity to the process. Churches must measure their process to see if the people are progressing. The process must be discussed frequently so the people can grasp it and there must be consistency with the discussion beyond the initial launch. According to Rainer Geiger, simple churches are so focused on their ministry process that there is little time for extra events (pg. 217). When implementing focus in the church, leaders must clearly articulate (easily communicate) why they are so compassionate about the ministry process. This will help the people understand and agree with the single minded process of the church (pg. 220-221). Lastly the process must be simple to understand on both sides so that people are able to move through the process of spiritual transformation. For a church to stay focused the keys are to eliminate, reduce and limit. During the reading of this book, I did not notice any weakness because all of the information provided was based on observations and surveys that compared simple churches to complex churches. The strength of this book is that the authors did field work to comprise statistical data and their results echo the benefit of keeping it simple. They demonstrated how a simple church is most effective in leading people through a process of spiritual maturity, while capturing the ineffective strategies used in complex churches. The book also directs readers to various scripture that reiterate the need for simplicity in the church. Finally the book gives readers something to think about in relation to the condition of their ministry; they are able to get a clear understanding of the what, why and how. I really enjoyed reading Simple Church, the information and statistics provided is very relevant to churches everywhere. Something that stood out to me in the text is that simple church leaders are designers, they design opportunities for spiritual growth and complex church leaders are programmers, they run ministry programs (pg. 6). This helped me to define my role in church leadership and it reiterated the importance of keeping it simple. After careful examination, I choose to be a builder by following the Great Commission (Matt 28:16-20). When I look in my current church, I can see the need for a paradigm shift from being leaders that are programmers to leaders who are designers that have clarity which would bring about body movement, alignment and ultimately focus within the ministry. One of the prevalent issues that I have noticed in my church is the lack of consistency with movement. They start the process of moving people from one place to the next but it never comes into full fruition, which produces spiritual stagnation. On a personal level, I have found it difficult to balance my work life, personal life and ministry life. It is even more difficult when you are bombarded with constant activity in the church and are expected to be part of it all. I can identify with pastor Rush’s frustration, there is so much to do in so little time. As a Christian you want to keep the right attitude in all that you do for God but sometimes the constant overload can be overwhelming. However if we keep the church simple it may bring balance in the lives of  the people. Through this text, I have learned that the process does not have to be complex to be effective. Keeping it simple is the key as the results can lead to spiritual growth for all involved. Jesus kept the message of the gospel simple; we need to follow his example in order for people understand the message with clarity so they can move to transformation.